Monthly Archive for May, 2005

What is a Blog? Reprise

In response to my earlier attempt to define blogs, Ernie referred me to Amy Gahran’s very helpful posting, which states:

Weblogs are a kind of web site. They represent an easy and versatile way to publish all kinds of content: news and journalism, education, analysis, humor, personal observation and opinion, and more. … They may be very rigorous and formal, or extremely informal and haphazard. … Quality, credibility, and tone vary widely.

Amy then goes on to discuss the mechanical details of a blog–very useful for someone new to blogging.

Recently, Gardner directed attention to John Udell’s reflections on blogs as a way to ‘narate your work’.

From my perspective, blogs aren’t optional extras that “some reporters” should be “allowed to craft.” They’re essential tools — and not just for journalists, but for every professional person. Collectively we’ll use the blog network to document, discover, and validate expertise.

On your blog, you can document your public agenda better than anyone else can. If you’ve ever been interviewed by a newspaper reporter, you know the drill. An hour of careful explanation may be reduced to a quote that makes you cringe. What hasn’t occurred to most people yet is that you can publish that careful explanation yourself. Or that, when you do, the web’s aggregation engines will surface your words in appropriate contexts, and will help people measure their impact.

What particularly excites me about the potential of blogs is E.W.Dijkstra’s commentary on ‘narrating Your Work’:

If there is one “scientific” discovery I am proud of, it is the discovery of the habit of writing without publication in mind. I experience it as a liberating habit: without it, doing the work becomes one thing and writing it down another one, which is often viewed as an unpleasant burden. When working and writing have merged, that burden has been taken away.

If this is true, if we can get students to regularly write about their studies–notes, comments and questions about what they are reading, connections between a text and the lecture, one text and another text, one course and another course–then, we will be helping students take a major step towards genuine education.

(Note to Self: Is this something the First Year Seminar Committee should be thinking about?)

How does one process multiple data streams and learn more than superficially?

I’ve been reading blogs regularly for two months now. I’ve found it alternately exhiliarating and exhausting. One question keeps forming in my head no matter how much I try to ignore it. And it seems to be coming at me from several different directions. First, is the information overload problem that Martha Burtis, Brian Lamb and Stephen Downs have discussed.

Another is Diana Oblinger’s presentation at the 2005 UMW Faculty Academy, where she argued that the net generation uses a different mode of learning than earlier students, one characterized by multiple data streams and multiple media, including more images, video, animation, and audio.

Martha observed:

“I’m simply innundated with information and ideas. And the thing is, I’m barely skimming the surface. As wonderful as the the information-saturated world of blogs, and wikis, and podcasts, and social bookmarks, and all that other great stuff is, I simply can’t. . .take. . .much. . more. … And when I do read them and they are something really interesting (which isn’t ALL of the time but happens A LOT), I think “Oh no. How do I hold on to this?” I know that in two days I’ll be thinking back fondly on that great blog post I read, but I’ll have no idea of what it REALLY said…”

Okay, let me try to get to my point: this new mode of information distribution seems to emphasize breadth (e.g. multiple data streams) rather than depth and organization. Perhaps this is an unfair criticism, but when I read a blog and follow the links I don’t end up with an organized sense of what I’ve learned.

Compared with the “old mode” of learning using a textbook and a series of lectures, each of which tend to be organized, the new mode is bits and pieces, lots of links and references to other links and references.

Don’t get me wrong, many of these are really pithy, powerful ideas, but how does one get a sense of the whole? In short, I am left with two questions:

� With this new mode of learning, how do we know what we’ve learned; and
� How would an instructor assess what we’ve learned?

What is learning (2)?

In the previous posting, I asked the question: what is the product of a course, more specifically, what are the course’s objectives? The point I think I reached was that course objectives are often abstract ideas that don’t help students understand what they need to learn. Let’s see if we can do better.

Let’s start by observing that what we’re looking for is general guidelines, not some bulleted list of items that can be checked off. In other words, this is probably not the recipe for an A in the course. It may be necessary, but it’s probably not sufficient.

The objectives in principles of economics include some combination of skills and content. Content probably includes definitions of concepts in economics, institutional facts or findings and major theories or models. The definitions could include, what is opportunity cost? What is a budget deficit? What is monetary policy? The institutional facts could include, U.S. monetary policy is conducted by the Federal Reserve (an institutional fact), or U.S. monetary policy from 2001 until 2004 was generally expansionary (an institutional finding). The major theories could include the theories of supply and demand, and the income-expenditure model of the macro economy. I expect you could come up with examples from your own discipline.

Relevant skills could include the ability to correctly apply the concepts and institutional facts, for example the ability to answer the question, what is the opportunity cost of partying the night before your midterm exam? The highest order skill would be the ability to apply economic theories or models to derive insights about some issue or problem. For example, what do the theories of supply and demand predict would be the impact on the price of oil of growth in the middle classes in India and China? What does the income-expenditure model of the macro economy predict would be the outcome of reducing the size of the U.S. budget deficit?

If a student understood that my course was organized according to this schema:

� Definitions of concepts
� Institutional facts or findings
� Major theories or models
� Ability to apply the concepts and institutional facts and findings
� Ability to apply economic theories or models to derive insights about some issue or problem,

I think they would have a better chance of learning what the course offers.

What is learning? (1)

A common model used by economists is the production function or process, which is the process by which inputs are transformed into outputs or products. Teaching and learning can be thought of in terms of a production function. Early in my intro courses I ask students to brainstorm about the production process for learning economics. The discussion focuses on inputs: preparing for class, studying the texts, reviewing class notes, class attendance, class participation, completing assignments, and preparing for exams. I spend little or no time talking about the outputs: learning economics, though I do point out to students that if they provide the inputs, they will learn economics.

I understand that in education courses (K-12), student teachers are taught to explicitly identify what their course goals are. I wonder how many university faculty actually do that in any operational way? One of the objectives of a liberal education is to learn how to think. That’s certainly an objective for my intro class, though I’m aware that my course is just a start at it. A common objective of economics courses is learning how to think like an economist, that is, learning how to apply economic theory to an issue or problem for understanding or prediction. Again, my course can’t achieve that alone. So one set of learning objectives appears to be fairly abstract goals that are really curricular rather than course specific. (A different, though related question asks what these objectives mean to students.) General education courses have the objective of introducing students to the humanities, social sciences, or natural sciences, which is another fairly abstract goal.

Some academics probably resist defining their course goals, arguing (when they think about it) that such an effort is reductive, that what students are to obtain from their course can’t be captured in a few words, and that any attempt to do so would necessarily fail to adequately characterize what the course is about. I am sympathetic to this view, but at the same time if we can’t articulate what we’re trying to teach how successful can we be? Are teaching and learning mysterious and mystical, so that only the chosen few inducted into the fellowship can understand them? I hope not.

Okay, so does the substance of the course consist of merely learning the lecture material? Alternatively, does it consist of learning the material in the texts? (In an earlier posting I blogged about how students seem to treat class meetings and texts as substitutes.) I think that while either the lectures or the books provide a reasonable approximation to the course, the course is bigger than both. Is the course defined by an objective reality, or is it the constructivist notion of what the instructor makes of the material? Or is it what the students make of the material? Okay, as I get way out here into the ether I suspect I’m trying your patience so I better close for now.

Comments on the 2005 UMW Faculty Academy

Diana Oblinger’s thought-provoking presentation, Educating the Net Generation, based on her book of the same title, asked how can we (better) engage the net generation in (academic)learning.

According to Diana, the net generation is focused on grades and performance. Moreover, they process information differently than earlier generations. They are:
� Digital (though not necessarily digitally literate)
� Connected
� Experiential � they like to learn by doing
� Immediate
� Social

Additionally, net geners have different learning preferences:
� Teams, peer-to-peer (Peer learning/ peer tutoring; Students teach other students; High ability students actually gain the most!)
� Engagement and experience (If you don’t engage them, they will tune out.)
� Visual and kinesthetic (They don’t read texts, but they do pay attention to images and video. Get the students to move around every 10 minutes)
� Things that matter (e.g. Service learning, use real data)

This raises a question for me: How does Diana’s argument mesh with the literature on how different people, even within a given age group, have different learning styles?

Several people in the audience had a larger concern for what seemed to be an underlying assumption of Diana’s remarks: that it is our responsibility as educators to adjust our teaching to best fit our students’ learning styles. The concern might be expressed in several ways: How much can we expect to change our students’ expectations, learning styles, etc, and how much do we need to change to reach them? In other words, how can we/should we synch with our students?

Chip German really went to the heart of the matter when he asked: what is the core content of a liberal education and what is delivery method? It may be that faculty are confusing the latter with the former. If instructional technology can suggest a better delivery method for the same content, I think we should pursue that. So the key question is really where to draw the line between content and presentation?

What is a blog and how can blogs be used for powerful, pedagogical purposes?

Okay, clearly I’m new at this blog thing. So if what I’m about to say is obvious, feel free to ignore it. For the last six weeks or so, I’ve been trying to decide if blogs are substantive or mere puffery. Here are my thoughts so far.

According to the Web Hosting Glossary, a blog is “A frequent, chronological publication of personal thoughts and Web links.” This is okay but pretty sterile as a definition; it doesn’t really explain what blogs are for. Here are three definitions that I’ve discovered

1. A blog is a journal for egotistical emoting, a place to present opinions, whether you know anything about the subject or not. This isn’t very attractive to me and I don’t see much of a pedagogical use here.

2. A blog is a venue for experts to publish on a level that non-experts can understand. Think of the public intellectual here. I can see how this could be a useful source of course content for students.

3. A blog is an opportunity to participate in and contribute to an intellectual conversation on a topic of interest and at least potential expertise. Think of pre-prints of scholarly journal articles. Imagine being able to influence a scholar’s thinking before his argument is fully formed. Imagine him influencing your thinking. This is the most academically powerful usage of blogs.

It seems to me that the blogosphere levels the playing field in the academy between expert, journeyman, and novice. There is the implicit assumption that if you post, your posting will be evaluated on its merits, rather than on the reputation of the author, at least more so than in traditional forms of publication. This is exciting stuff!

Johnny doesn’t read anymore. Why?

Students don’t seem to read texts anymore; the treat them as pure substitutes rather than complements to the class meetings. When they do read they don’t seem to read carefully, missing stuff which is clearly stated in the text.

Last year I asked a senior focus group of about a dozen students how many of them read the texts for their courses. One student indicated that he read them all, but qualified his statement by noting that he was not a native English speaker and so he felt he needed to do the readings to make sure he understood the material. A couple of the better students said they read the texts when they needed a better grasp of the material than they got from their class notes. Another student piped up that he only bought the books when he determined that he needed them. I asked how he made that determination and he said it was based on how he did on the mid term exam. At this point, most of the rest of the group nodded in agreement.

I am sympathetic to the argument that the high price of textbooks may force students to make hard choices about what they can afford. But my sense is that for the majority of my students, that is not the primary motivation. For example, they don’t seem to use on-line resources which are free to them any more frequently.

How do students hope to learn if they don’t study what’s on the reading list and merely count on the point of view of the instructor?

This may be related to another impression that more students seem to be trying to game the system instead of taking advantage of their opportunity to obtain the best education they can.

Purpose of this Blog — Caveat Emptor!

I’m writing this blog primarily for myself. For years I’ve had stray thoughts that I have wanted to think through, but ended up slipping away. I’ve decided to let this blog be the place for me to think through those thoughts.

My secondary audience is economists with an interest in teaching and learning or academics in other fields who think that an economist might have some insights for them. I wonder which group is smaller? ;-)




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