Learning as Work vs. Play

A curious thing happened last Friday in my intro class. We have been studying the theory of the Firm and one of the themes I emphasis (which gets short shrift in the textbooks) is that successful firms are profitable precisely because they create products that consumers value; that is, firms create value that didn’t exist before. We started this study almost a month ago with a case study on the Apple iPod, which the students could readily identify with and see how it was consistent with the value creation theme. Friday as we brought the study to a close, I spent the first 10 minutes doing another brief case study focusing on the coffee cup sleeve that came along with the coffee I had purchased at Einstein’s that morning. While a rather trivial product, it provides a robust example to illustrate many behaviors of firms we have studied over the last month.

Does the invention of the coffee sleeve provide value that didn’t exist before? Yes, the group agreed. Who captures the majority of that value? Is it the entrepreneur who invented the sleeve and produces it now? Is it the coffee shop? Is it the coffee customer? How much does the coffee shop raise the price of a cup of coffee to account for the cost of the sleeves? Probably little or nothing, we concluded, since the sleeves are likely very inexpensive per cup. This suggests much of the value goes to the customers. How profitable are the sleeves to their producer? That depends on several issues. Since a lot of people buy cups of coffee, even if the price per sleeve to Starbucks is low, the sleeve producer probably makes a good profit on the volume. Are the sleeves difficult to produce? No. Then have other producers begun to produce their own sleeves, thereby taking away the profits of the inventor/original producer. We had several examples of the sleeves in the classroom, one I brought and a couple students had with the coffee they brought to class. The students thought to look at the sleeves and found patent and patent-pending numbers. This suggests that the investor is being rewarded through higher than normal profits, and that those profits haven’t been bid away by competitors.

Now to my point. The students were highly engaged by this discussion—not only that, but they were getting it. About three quarters through though, I noticed that no one appeared to be taking any notes.

This caught my attention because at the beginning of class I saw a student in attendance who had not been in class all week due to illness, and she was clearly still not feeling 100%. I asked her why she was there and she said she didn’t want to miss any more class sessions because copying a classmate’s notes wasn’t an adequate substitute. So when I saw that students weren’t taking notes on the discussion, I realized that anyone who missed Friday’s class would likely not have any knowledge of the coffee sleeve discussion.

At the end of the discussion, I asked why no one had taken notes, and the response surprised me: “We didn’t think this was part of the lecture,” they said, “because you were just telling us a story about something random.” I related the episode in my senior seminar later in the day and a good student said, “They didn’t think to take notes because the discussion was fun, rather than work.” Wow!

Posted in Economics, Teaching and Learning | 3 Comments

The Ideal Candidate

Our job search closed last week with 26 applicants. The pool looks strong. It is encouraging to see that outsiders view UMW as a place where exciting work is being done vis a vis teaching and learning.

The next step for the search committee will be to review the candidates and select a short list to invite to campus. Before we make each of our choices, I think it important that we (the search committee) have a discussion about what we are looking for, what our values are. Think of it as calibrating our thinking before we make our choices. I have been on search committees where this was not done, and in some cases I had no sense of why people made the choices they did, which made the whole process less satisfactory than it could be. I believe strongly in working for consensus, rather than voting. We are, after all, supposed to be on the same team. The selection process shouldn’t be about winning or losing, but rather finding the best possible candidate. While consensus isn’t always possible, it is always worth working for.

Here is my thinking based on the position description. I ask only that my colleagues on the search committee keep an open mind about what I have to say and I will do the same for them.

My ideal candidate should be a leader, more than a manager or a technical expert. He or she should view their primary responsibility as building a community of thinkers interested in exploring teaching and learning through a scholarly perspective, colleagues who are willing to approach their teaching responsibilities with as much seriousness and care as they do their disciplinary scholarship. The candidate should be able to manage programs and should understand the technical aspects of in-class and web-based learning, but those aptitudes without leadership ability are not sufficient.

My ideal candidate should have experience as a disciplinary practitioner, consisting of a pattern or history of teaching and scholarship in their field. This characteristic is important for several reasons. First, the teaching center director is to be a faculty member, though one with substantial administrative responsibilities. Faculty members teach and do scholarship. ‘Staff’ members do not teach, and most do not do scholarship. This is not to diminish staff members, but to point out that they have a different set of responsibilities and a different culture.

Another reason the candidate should teach and do research is credibility. The Teaching Center is more than a place; indeed, at present there is no place! The TC Director will not be effective if he or she is perceived as an outside ‘expert’ whose job it is to fix what most faculty believe isn’t broken: their teaching. The Director must be seen as a fellow faculty member, a colleague from another department who has something to offer A staff member or pure administrator is unlikely to be perceived that way.

There is a great deal of innovative teaching and thinking about such at UMW, but most of us don’t know about all of what’s going on. How can we harness that? How can we build on what we’ve got? The TC is not about remediation. It’s a venue for sharing ideas and exploring opportunities. My ideal candidate would have a plan for catalyzing this.

The ideal candidate should be an excellent listener. They should be diplomatic. They should be respectful of teaching faculty. Teaching is perceived as a very personal thing, and at the same time, most teachers are apprehensive about letting others see what they do. Someone coming in saying, “You should be teaching this way, instead of the way you are doing!” is unlikely to be very successful. The ideal candidate should probably build relationships before they try to facilitate change.

The ideal candidate should understand the strengths and weaknesses of Web2.0 tools. The candidate should understand that many faculty don’t see those tools as having any relevance for their teaching, even while the candidate believes that they may. They should be able to appreciate and build on the work we’ve already done here at UMW with these tools.

The ideal candidate should understand the strengths and weaknesses of using a course management system, like Blackboard. They should understand that for many if not most faculty, a CMS is all the technology they think they need to employ in their teaching, and the candidate needs to respect that point of view. After all, all faculty were trained in their discipline but few were trained to teach and even fewer to teach with technology.

The ideal candidate should see technology as merely a tool to reach the end of more effective teaching and learning, not as an end in itself. They should see this all the while understanding that every teaching approach uses technology at some level, where technology is understood to mean tools and method. A blackboard and chalk is a technology. The candidate should rarely approach faculty to persuade them to adopt a new technology tool, instead they should approach them to help solve a teaching and learning problem or to make an existing pedagogical tack stronger and more effective.

This is my current thinking about our ideal candidate. I’m willing to be persuaded differently by others on the search committee, but only if they are willing to talk about what they think.

Postscript: A reader pointed out that Jerry Slezak might be blamed for these views when the author is me, Steve Greenlaw. Apologies to Jerry!

Posted in The Future of Higher Education, UMW Teaching Center | 5 Comments

Laughing all the way to the bank

After my seminar met today, two of the participants came up and told me, “Four of us from class got together for dinner the other night and we talked about this course.” Referring to both a discussion we’d had the first week and also to Gardner’s APGAR, they joked “We spent the time engaging with the course material!” They said it flippantly, but were serious at the same time, and I realized that I got the last laugh.

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Bad news from the Wall Street Journal

The WSJ has apparently decided to allow only paid subscribers to receive their rss feeds. This is a change in their policy.

Posted in Uncategorized | 1 Comment

What I did on my Florida vacation

I spent much of last week in Orlando at the 2009 Educause Learning Initiative Annual Meetings, about which I have much to blog, and I promise to do so when I get a chance. I was invited to participate in a faculty innovation showcase at the ELI, which was an opportunity to meet and talk with many people about a particular project in pedagogy that I did last year. At the showcase, I met Kelvin Thompson from the University of Central Florida who asked if he could interview me for one of his courses. In the first part of the interview I retold what I presented at the showcase, but then he lead me in a number of other interesting directions. The recording is here and lasts about 45 minutes.

P.S. Apologies to Paul Romer at Stanford. In the interview I gave him the wrong affiliation.

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Criteria for Grading

In the last few years, I’ve thought a lot about appropriate approaches to grading in my different courses, and I’ve even pushed the boundaries of what academics think appropriate in some. On Monday in my seminar on international finance, we had a discussion of what grades mean and how they should be determined in the context of our course. (This discussion was modeled after Barbara Ganley‘s approach.)

Parts of the discussion, for example the part about how one demonstrates ‘insights’, were tough going for the students. This is a brighter than average group, but I got the feeling that they didn’t know what to say, that this isn’t something they’d been asked before.

I took notes and today posted a revised version of them as the “class rules” for grading.

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Knock down those silos!

Want your students to see their undergraduate program as a coherent curriculum rather than an almost random set of courses? If so, you must read Gerald Graff’s article from Inside Higher Ed. The article is adapted from his presidential address at this past year’s MLA Meetings.

Posted in TC Feed, The Future of Higher Education | Leave a comment

Want to change the way higher education thinks about teaching and learning?

Here’s an opportunity you won’t want to miss.

I am writing to ask for your help in changing the way mainstream higher education thinks about teaching and learning. Okay, that may be a bit hyperbolic, but only a bit. At least if you read this blog, I know you are sympathetic to the goal.

The University of Mary Washington is in the process of hiring a director for our new teaching center. We are looking for someone with a special skill set to build a program from the ground up. We are looking for someone who thinks originally and creatively about higher education. We are looking for someone who believes in the transformative power of higher education, someone who, while conversant with the concept of the CMS, is not limited by that concept, someone who understands that teaching is a creative, individual process, not a one-size-fits-all transaction.

I would like to solicit your help in reaching individuals who you think might fit what we’re looking for as described more fully here. UMW provides a rather unique situation for someone interested in creating a forward looking program to promote teaching and learning for the 21st Century. To this end, I wonder if you could to forward information about this opportunity to anyone you think would be qualified for our position, or anyone you think might know someone so qualified. The closing date for the position is January 20, 2009, which I realize is fast approaching. Any help you can provide would be much appreciated.

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Using Twitter to Support Teaching and Learning

For the last year or so, I’ve wondered if I could find a productive use for Twitter in my teaching. In case you don’t know, twitter is a micro-blogging tool which allows users to broadcast “tweets,” messages limited to 140 characters, to a network of colleagues or friends defined by the user. I got an idea over the summer which I tried out last Fall. I thought this experiment failed, but it didn’t, rather I did! I was so involved with other, bigger projects that I didn’t put enough effort into the Twitter project.

What I wanted to do was use twitter to implement the idea of the “minute paper.” I asked students to send a weekly tweet to the course twitter address, econ201, identifying any concepts we had covered which they didn’t fully understand. I planned to then review those concepts first thing the following week. I told students that I wouldn’t call on them to explain any concept they identified as not understanding. But any other concepts were fair game for questions. I hoped that the micro-blogging format would enable me to follow along with a minimum of time and effort.

The project started slowly since the students seemed to have trouble understanding twitter and only a couple people tweeted for the first few weeks. Students didn’t seem to get that saying ‘no questions’ was okay too.

One problem I ran into was that I had to make a conscious effort to check the course twitter account, unlike my personal account which comes to me automatically. I wonder if it would be possible to use two separate tweet catchers (like twirl), one for each of my two accounts? I set up the separate account for the course because I thought it would be better for all the course tweets to be together in one spot.

Another issue was that some students thought they had to send direct messages, so I didn’t discover those until a bit latter in the term.

After the first exam, I stopped checking the course account, apparently just about the time the Twitter experiment took off. Since I had committed to giving students credit for tweeting, near the end of the term I finally went back to the econ201 account where I discovered some really useful communications. The tweets fell into three categories: actual questions which were what I asked for, administrative questions either about twitter or the course in general (e.g. I missed the deadline on last week’s aplia assignment. Is there any way I can do it now?), and what I call “just tweets.” This latter tended to be “hello world” type messages and they were largely at the beginning of the course. What was particularly valuable was the ability, in at least some cases, to “hear” students think. It was as if the students were honestly dialoging with themselves. There was apparently something about the medium that prompted those kinds of reflections, which I haven’t seen in any other format. It was also very easy to differentiate between genuine questions and fake ones, where students were apparently simply trying to get credit for the assignment.

In any case, I saw enough of value for me as a teacher that I’m going to try the experiment again this semester and hopefully any breakdown won’t be with me.

For more on academic uses of twitter, you might check this article.

Posted in Twitter | 1 Comment

More on the tyranny of content coverage

Leslie Madsen-Brooks just posted another excellent example of the kind of post I would flag and redirect to the UMW Teaching Center website if we had that ability.

Anyone who reads this blog knows that I view my primary responsibility as teaching students how to think (from an economic perspective), not covering the breadth of content which is in most textbooks. If they’ve learned how to think, they can teach themselves any of the content we didn’t cover.

My favorite line in the post is where Leslie quotes Linda Hodges:

Our illusion is that we tell students the information that we want them to know, students who are motivated will absorb it, and our obligation to the discipline has been met.

The not-so-hidden assumption here is that we’re teaching to the gifted students, the ones who are worthy of induction into the society of the educated. They will learn the breadth of content, even if students of lesser ability will not.

I have two problems with this, first, I think we should be teaching to all of our students and I think all of our students are capable of learning. Second, there’s at least some evidence that gifted students learn only superficially, enough to ace the test, but not enough to learn the content deeply. If that’s true, then we’re really fooling ourselves.

Posted in Teaching and Learning | 1 Comment